The structure of a compiler is organized into multiple phases, each responsible for transforming source code step by step into machine code.
[A.] At a high level, compilers are divided into
- Front End Compiler Phase
- This phase is language-dependent.
- This phase includes the lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis phases.
- Middle End Compiler Phase
- This phase includes the optimization phase,
- Back End Compiler Phase
- This phase is machine-dependent.
- This phase includes the machine code generation phase.
- Supporting Components Phase
- This phase is optional but includes Error Handling, Symbol Table Management.
[B.] At a broad level, compilers consist of –
(a.) Lexical Analysis Phase
(b.) Syntax Analysis Phase
(c.) Semantic Analysis Phase
(d.) Intermediate Code Generation
(e.) Code Optimization
(f.) Machine Code Generation
(g.) Error Handling
(h.) Symbol Table Management
This layered structure ensures that compilers are modular, efficient, and adaptable across different hardware platforms.
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