The structure of a compiler is organized into multiple phases, each responsible for transforming source code step by step into machine code.
[A.] At a broad level, compilers consist of several phases –
(a.) Lexical Analysis Phase
(b.) Syntax Analysis Phase
(c.) Semantic Analysis Phase
(d.) Intermediate Code Generation
(e.) Code Optimization
(f.) Machine Code Generation
(g.) Error Handling
(h.) Symbol Table Management
This layered structure ensures that compilers are modular, efficient, and adaptable across different hardware platforms.
[B.] At a high level, the phases of compilers are categorized into
- Front End Compiler
- This phase includes the lexical, syntax, and semantic analysis phases.
- This phase is language-dependent.
- Middle End Compiler
- This phase includes the Code Optimization phase,
- Back End Compiler
- This phase consists of the machine code generation phase.
- This phase is machine-dependent.
- Supporting Components
- This phase is optional and includes the Error Handling and Symbol Table Management phases.
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