Programming Paradigm

There are following types of Programming Languages/Programming Paradigm are seen in modern time – 

(A) Imperative Programming Paradigm

• These types of programming languages/concepts usually consist of commands/instructions and executed sequentially.
• Examples are – Algol, Pascal, C, Ada etc.
• Imperative Programming Paradigm are further categorized into two sub-categories :

(a) Procedural Programming Paradigm

(1.) Structured Programming Paradigm

• • • Structured programming is a technique for organizing and coding computer programs in which a hierarchy of modules is used ,each having single entry and single exit point.
    • Structured Programming may have three types of control structures –
      Sequence ,Selection and Iteration.

Characteristics for Structured Programming

• • • Every program should specify input and output variables.
    • The flow of the program should be top-down approach.
    • Every program and function must have a comment at the beginning.
    • Divide the big programs in to subprograms (functions or procedures).
    • Documentation should be short as far as possible.

Advantages of Structured Programming

• • • Easy to write.
    • Easy to debug.
    • Easy to understand.
    • Easy to change.

(b) Object Oriented Programming(OOPs) Paradigm

• • These types of programming languages/concepts usually consist of Classes & Objects and executed according to objects.
  • Examples are – Smalltalk, Eiffel, C++, Java, Simula, Python, PHP, C#, VB .Net etc.

(B) Declarative Programming Paradigm

• Declarative Programming Paradigm are further categorized into two sub-categories :

(i) Functional Programming Paradigm

• • These types of programming languages/concepts usually consist of Functions and executed according to calling.
  • Examples are – Lisp, Refal, Planner, Scheme etc.

(ii) Logical Programming Paradigm

• • These types of programming languages/concepts usually consist of Predicate/Logical Formulas(axioms & a theorem) and executed as per logical conditions.
  • Examples are – Prolog etc.

(C) Hybrid Programming Paradigm

(I) Imperative + Object-oriented programming paradigm – Examples : Object Pascal, C++, Java, Ada-95 etc.

(II) Functional + Object-oriented programming paradigm – Examples : Clos

(III) Logic + Object-oriented – Examples : Object Prolog

Modular programming

• The modular approach to programming involves breaking a program down into sub-components called modules.
• Each module is composed of some set of instructions.

Advantages of modular programming

• Easy to write
• Easy to debug
• The types of approaches
• Top-down approach
• Bottom-up approach