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Introduction The instruction cycle is the basic operational process of a computer system. It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory, determines what actions the instruction describes, and then carries out those actions. This cycle is repeated continuously by a computer’s central processing unit (CPU), from boot-up until the computer has shut down. During instruction cycle, a group of wires carries information between different components is called bus. …

Introduction Interrupts are crucial for managing asynchronous events and ensuring efficient CPU utilization. Understanding the different types of interrupts and their handling mechanisms is fundamental for system programming, operating system design, and hardware interfacing. Definition An interrupt is an exceptional event that causes the CPU to temporarily transfer its processing control from the currently executing program to a different program that provides service to the exceptional event. An interrupt is the interruption of the execution …

History The term RAID was coined by researchers  David Patterson, Garth A. Gibson, and Randy Katz at the University of California, Berkeley in 1987. Introduction RAID stands for ‘Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks’. Now, it is ‘Redundant Array of Independent Disks’ that signify the performance and reliability gains. Definition RAID is an advanced, specific, physical secondary storage media having increased/unlimited capacity, performance, and reliability.  It is mass storage devices having multiple units of the storage media/disks in parallel being used …

Introduction Sequential circuits are digital circuits that have a state or memory, which allows to store information and perform operations based on that stored information. Terminology Clock-Pulse/Clock Signal A clock pulse is a periodic digital signal that is used to synchronize the timing of operations of digital circuits, particularly in sequential circuits.  The clock signal is a square wave signal that alternates between two voltage levels (usually 0/low voltage and a positive/high voltage) at a …

Introduction  It is one of the basic and important types of Logic Circuits. Definition Combinational circuits are digital logic circuits that produce output based solely on the current input values, without any consideration of previous inputs or internal memory. Features These circuits are composed of logic gates and perform specific logical operations on input signals to generate output signals. It does not have any memory elements or feedback loops. The output is determined by the …

Introduction The logic circuit is a combination of logic gates together as an integrated circuit to perform some incredibly complex calculations. Definition A logic circuit is a type of electronic circuit that consists of one or more logic gates in a certain specific sequence, used/found in electronic devices to perform certain defined logical operations on its two or more input signals. Features A logic circuit has one or more Boolean inputs and only one output.  …

Definition Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations on binary inputs to produce a binary output. Features Logic gates are the core components of electronic devices or circuits that implement Boolean functions, which are mathematical functions that operate on binary variables (0 and 1). The logic gates can be combined in various ways to create more complex circuits and implement different logical functions. By connecting the inputs and outputs …

Definition Error detection and correction methods are techniques used to identify and correct errors that may occur during data transmission or storage. Characteristics The errors can result from various factors, such as noise, interference, or hardware issues during transmission. Error detection and correction methods are techniques used in various fields, including telecommunications, digital communication, networking, and storage systems, to detect and correct errors that may occur during data transmission or storage. The error correction methods …

Alphanumeric Representation Definition   It is a set of characters containing alphabets (A-Z, a-z), the decimal digits (0-9) and special characters/symbols (roughly 10-15 in numbers) consist of at least 80-100 elements. Alphanumeric Characters are represented in computer in following form –  ASCII Representation  It is one of the International standard code that allows the language encoding in numeric form that is popularly called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)code. This code uses 7 bits representation …

Introduction A complement number is a mathematical concept used in various number systems, including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal to represent negative numbers and perform arithmetic operations. Definition In digital systems, the complement of a number refers to the binary representation of the number’s inverse with respect to a base. The complement numbers refer to the inverse representation of a binary number. Characteristics Complement numbers are essential for computer arithmetic, especially in representing and manipulating …