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Difference Between RISC and CISC Processors Slno Similarities 1. Both are Processor’s architecture that are predominantly used today. Slno RISC CISC 1. Stands for ‘Reduced Instruction Set Computers’ Stands for ‘Complex Instruction Set Computers’. 2. Each instruction utilizes comparatively less number of Instruction cycle before completion of a job. (Main Difference) Each instruction utilizes a much greater number of Instruction cycle before completion of a job. 3. Simpler and Faster Instructions.Single Instruction is normally of …

VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)Technology VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. Carver Mead is an inventor, chip designer, entrepreneur, and university physicist. Mead. It was founded in 1979 and head quarter is California USA. VLSI is a modern and advanced technology for chip development. VLSI technology is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands of transistors onto a single silocon chip. Example: Microprocessor. MOS(Metal …

Introduction Assembly language programming is the first step to improving the programming structure. As we know that machine language is very difficult to understand when a program or instruction is written in machine language. Therefore, each manufacturer of a microprocessor has developed a symbolic code for each education called a MNEMONIC. Definition When an instruction is written in the form of mnemonics and specifies the operations to be performed is called the Assembly Language. Characteristics …

Introduction A computer instruction is made up of an operation code (op-code) followed by either zero, one or two bytes of operands. Definition Instruction An instruction is a signal(command) in the form of a sequence of 0s and 1s(machine language) that is given to a computer’s processor(microprocessor) to do some specific task/physical operation, with the help of the hardware on a specified data. In another way, the words of a machine language are known as …

Introduction An operation code(opcode) of an instruction specifies the operation to be performed on data. This operation is mainly executed on some data stored in a register or memory. Operands may be specified in one of the three basic forms i.e., immediate, register, and memory. Conventions: In this addressing scheme, the symbols A, A1, A2 … etc. denote the content of an operand field i.e. Ai may refer to a data or a memory address. …

Introduction CPU organization is the arrangement of CPU components in systematic order to work efficiently. Characteristics As we know that a computer manipulates data according to the given instructions using stored program concept. Here, stored program concept means the program and data are stored in the same memory unit. The central processing unit(CPU), performs the bulk of the data processing operations. Architecture/Structure [Click this link for Details] A typical CPU consists of two parts that …

Introduction A control unit is a complex circuitry structure within a computer’s processor that directs, dictates, and coordinates the overall operations of the computer to run it smoothly and successfully.  Definition The Control Unit(CU) is one of the basic/major components of the processor/CPU, which controls and coordinates the various operations with the execution of instructions by initiating the appropriate sequence of micro-operations for each task. Characteristics/Feature The control unit selects and interprets program instructions and …

Introduction An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a crucial part of a CPU. An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a critical component of the central processing unit (CPU) in computers. Definition An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is an execution unit and an important part of a CPU that does simple as well as complex arithmetic, logic, and shift operations in the form of binary arithmetic and boolean algebra.  Features It handles all arithmetic and logical …

Introduction In computer architecture, a processor register is a very fast computer memory used to speed up the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values. A register is a word of internal/CPU memory like the accumulator. Most early machines used stack or accumulator type of architectures to manipulate data but these days all CPUs made are of GPR. The number and the nature of registers is a key factor that differentiates among computers. Definition A register is the smallest (in size), costliest …

Introduction Micro Operation is the functionality of ALU & the control unit of CPU that describes how an instruction is executed. It is the key concept of instruction execution. A digital system performs a sequence of micro-operations on data stored in registers or memory. Micro-operations form the basis of executing complex instructions within the CPU. Understanding these operations helps in grasping how a CPU processes instructions, manages data and performs computations. They are fundamental in …