Theory Papers

Definition File organization refers to the way or techniques that give how the data is structured and stored within computer files or database files. Characteristics There are various file organization methods exist to store data in files, each designed to optimize data retrieval, storage efficiency, and ease of access. File Read more…

Introduction Definition Normalization is the process of organizing data properly and efficiently to minimize data redundancy and inconsistencies in the database by dividing the larger or complex or redundant database into simpler and smaller ones and also linking them using proper relationships as per requirements. Characteristics The process of Normalization occurs Read more…

Introduction Redundancy and anomalies are issues that can arise in the design and management of databases. They can lead to data inconsistencies, inefficiencies, and difficulties in maintaining data integrity.  Proper database design, normalization, and the use of integrity constraints are essential practices to minimize these issues in a DBMS. Redundancy Read more…

Primary Keys A Primary key is a unique value in a column/field for a record in a table. It serves the data integrity and efficient data retrieval. Each value within the primary key column/field must be unique. No two/more records can have the same primary key value. Primary key columns Read more…

Introduction Relational Algebra is a theoretical foundation for the query languages(SQL) used in relational database management systems (RDBMS). Definition Relational algebra is a formal system used to manipulate relations (tables) in relational databases. Characteristics Relational algebra provides a foundation for expressing queries and transformations on relational databases. It’s a mathematical Read more…

Introduction Database Constraints are typically enforced by the database management system (DBMS) and play a crucial role in ensuring data consistency and accuracy. Definition Database constraints are rules and restrictions applied to data in a database to ensure data integrity, accuracy, and consistency.  Characteristics Database constraints define certain conditions that Read more…

Definition Database models are conceptual frameworks that define the structure, relationships, and rules governing how the data is stored, organized, manipulated, and accessed in a database management system (DBMS).  Types of Database Models There are several types of database models exist today but each database model offers various ways to Read more…

Architecture of DBMS DBMS architectures can vary based on the specific implementation, with some systems incorporating additional components or different arrangements based on their design and intended use cases. However, these core components generally form the foundation of most DBMS architectures. The architecture of a Database Management System (DBMS) refers Read more…

History of DBMS The history of Database Management Systems (DBMS) is a fascinating journey that spans several decades, marked by significant milestones and advancements in technology. The history of DBMS reflects the evolution of data management technologies to meet the changing needs of businesses and organizations in storing, accessing, and Read more…