Linux/Unix Commands

Important Key Combination  CTRL+C – To halt the current command. CTRL+D – To save the written file contents, generate an end-of-file character, and log out of the current session, similar to exit. CTRL+G – To resume the flow of long …

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Fundamental of Linux

History Linux operating system was launched in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds while studying computer science at the University of Helsinki. Initially, it was called ‘Freax’ for the early six months of its development. Introduction Linux started as a Unix variant with …

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Frame Relay

Introduction of Frame Relay The concept of Frame Relay was initially designed for transmission across Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN) infrastructure i.e. Frame Relay originated as an extension of integrated services digital network (ISDN).  Definition Frame Relay is a standard or …

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Token Ring/IEEE 802.5

Introduction of Token Ring The concept of the Token Ring was introduced by IBM in 1984, but standardized globally in 1989 as IEEE 802.5.  Definition Token Ring is one of the earliest local area networking technologies/protocols, used to build specific …

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Ethernet/IEEE 802.3

Introduction It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Definition Ethernet is the traditional LAN technology for connecting devices in a wired local area network (LAN).  Features It uses IEEE 802.3 Standard in LAN data …

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Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

Introduction IGMP stands for Internet Group Management Protocol, IGMP is an important protocol for supporting efficient multicast communication in IP networks. Multicasting is a technique used in network communication to deliver packets from a sender to multiple recipients simultaneously.  Definition …

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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Introduction ARP stands for “Address Resolution Protocol”. Definition ARP is a request-response communication protocol used to associate(map or translate) the IP network address to the Hardware or Physical or Media Access Control(MAC) address. In another words, ARP is a type …

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Internet Protocol (IP)

Introduction of IP The Internet Protocol is the building block of the Internet. The Internet Protocol is fundamental for allowing computers, smartphones, and other devices to communicate with each other over the Internet. Definition of IP Internet Protocol (IP) is …

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