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Introduction The instruction cycle is the basic operational process of a computer system. It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory, determines what actions the instruction describes, and then carries out those actions. …

Introduction Interrupts are crucial for managing asynchronous events and ensuring efficient CPU utilization. Understanding the different types of interrupts and their handling mechanisms is fundamental for system programming, operating system design, and hardware interfacing. Definition An interrupt is an exceptional …

History The term RAID was coined by researchers  David Patterson, Garth A. Gibson, and Randy Katz at the University of California, Berkeley in 1987. Introduction RAID stands for ‘Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks’. Now, it is ‘Redundant Array of Independent Disks’ that signify the performance …

Introduction Sequential circuits are digital circuits that have a state or memory, which allows to store information and perform operations based on that stored information. Terminology Clock-Pulse/Clock Signal A clock pulse is a periodic digital signal that is used to …

Introduction  It is one of the basic and important types of Logic Circuits. Definition Combinational circuits are digital logic circuits that produce output based solely on the current input values, without any consideration of previous inputs or internal memory. Features …

Introduction The logic circuit is a combination of logic gates together as an integrated circuit to perform some incredibly complex calculations. Definition A logic circuit is a type of electronic circuit that consists of one or more logic gates in …

Definition Logic gates are fundamental building blocks of digital circuits that perform logical operations on binary inputs to produce a binary output. Features Logic gates are the core components of electronic devices or circuits that implement Boolean functions, which are …

Definition Error detection and correction methods are techniques used to identify and correct errors that may occur during data transmission or storage. Characteristics The errors can result from various factors, such as noise, interference, or hardware issues during transmission. Error …

Alphanumeric Representation Definition   It is a set of characters containing alphabets (A-Z, a-z), the decimal digits (0-9) and special characters/symbols (roughly 10-15 in numbers) consist of at least 80-100 elements. Alphanumeric Characters are represented in computer in following form –  …

Introduction A complement number is a mathematical concept used in various number systems, including binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal to represent negative numbers and perform arithmetic operations. Definition In digital systems, the complement of a number refers to the binary …