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Introduction Assembly language programming is the first step to improving the programming structure. As we know that machine language is very difficult to understand when a program or instruction is written in machine language. Therefore, each manufacturer of a microprocessor …

Introduction A computer instruction is made up of an operation code (op-code) followed by either zero, one or two bytes of operands. Definition Instruction An instruction is a signal(command) in the form of a sequence of 0s and 1s(machine language) …

Introduction An operation code(opcode) of an instruction specifies the operation to be performed on data. This operation is mainly executed on some data stored in a register or memory. Operands may be specified in one of the three basic forms …

Introduction CPU organization is the arrangement of CPU components in systematic order to work efficiently. Characteristics As we know that a computer manipulates data according to the given instructions using stored program concept. Here, stored program concept means the program …

Introduction A control unit is a complex circuitry structure within a computer’s processor that directs, dictates, and coordinates the overall operations of the computer to run it smoothly and successfully.  Definition The Control Unit(CU) is one of the basic/major components …

Introduction An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a crucial part of a CPU. An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a critical component of the central processing unit (CPU) in computers. Definition An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is an execution unit …

Introduction In computer architecture, a processor register is a very fast computer memory used to speed up the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values. A register is a word of internal/CPU memory like the accumulator. Most early machines used stack or accumulator type of architectures to …

Introduction Micro Operation is the functionality of ALU & the control unit of CPU that describes how an instruction is executed. It is the key concept of instruction execution. A digital system performs a sequence of micro-operations on data stored …

Introduction The instruction cycle is the basic operational process of a computer system. It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory, determines what actions the instruction describes, and then carries out those actions. …

Introduction Interrupts are crucial for managing asynchronous events and ensuring efficient CPU utilization. Understanding the different types of interrupts and their handling mechanisms is fundamental for system programming, operating system design, and hardware interfacing. Definition An interrupt is an exceptional …