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Introduction of Client-Server Database Client-server architectures are common in many modern database systems. They form the basis for various applications, ranging from enterprise systems to web applications and mobile apps that rely on accessing and manipulating data stored in a …

Introduction of OODBMS Object-oriented databases(OODBMS) offer a way to model and manage complex data structures more naturally, aligning closely with object-oriented programming paradigms.  Definition Object-oriented databases (OODBMS) are a type of database management system that stores data in the form …

Introduction of DDBMS Distributed databases (DDBMS) play a crucial role in modern computing, having higher scalability, availability, and performance in handling large volumes of data across geographically dispersed locations. Definition  Distributed databases store data across multiple physical or logical locations, …

Definition File organization refers to the way or techniques that give how the data is structured and stored within computer files or database files. Characteristics There are various file organization methods exist to store data in files, each designed to …

Introduction Definition Normalization is the process of organizing data properly and efficiently to minimize data redundancy and inconsistencies in the database by dividing the larger or complex or redundant database into simpler and smaller ones and also linking them using proper …

Introduction Redundancy and anomalies are issues that can arise in the design and management of databases. They can lead to data inconsistencies, inefficiencies, and difficulties in maintaining data integrity.  Proper database design, normalization, and the use of integrity constraints are …

Primary Keys A Primary key is a unique value in a column/field for a record in a table. It serves the data integrity and efficient data retrieval. Each value within the primary key column/field must be unique. No two/more records …

Introduction Relational Algebra is a theoretical foundation for the query languages(SQL) used in relational database management systems (RDBMS). Definition Relational algebra is a formal system used to manipulate relations (tables) in relational databases. Characteristics Relational algebra provides a foundation for …

Introduction Database Constraints are typically enforced by the database management system (DBMS) and play a crucial role in ensuring data consistency and accuracy. Definition Database constraints are rules and restrictions applied to data in a database to ensure data integrity, …

Definition Database models are conceptual frameworks that define the structure, relationships, and rules governing how the data is stored, organized, manipulated, and accessed in a database management system (DBMS).  Types of Database Models There are several types of database models …